What Attitudes, Beliefs, and Assumptions Correlate with Individual Support for Hate Crimes Directed at the Muslim Community Post September 11, 2001

Introduction Following the attacks of September 11, 2001, Muslims have become victims of hate crimes because of the attitudes, beliefs, and assumptions that link them to terrorism. According to various academic research publications, counter terrorist groups and other Muslim groups including the Metropolitan police, there were about 962 Islamophobic offenses in London in early 2009 (Umbreit, Lewis, Burns, 2003).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on What Attitudes, Beliefs, and Assumptions Correlate with Individual Support for Hate Crimes Directed at the Muslim Community Post September 11, 2001? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Prior research indicates that Americans perceive Muslims negatively because the media consistently associates Muslims with the violent activities of terrorism and other civil wars in the Middle East region (Lambert Githens-Mazer, 2010). The consistent association of Muslims with viole nt acts and terrorism has led development of stereotypes among Americans, which portray Muslims as people who do not value human dignity and peace (Umbreit, Lewis, Burns, 2003). Thus, the media influences how Americans perceive Muslims and consequently commit hate crimes. Therefore, this research paper will discuss and analyze various beliefs, attitudes, and assumptions that make individuals to support hate crimes directed at the Muslim community. Furthermore, the paper will discuss how the media shapes beliefs, attitudes, and assumptions about Muslims and terrorism, and thus causes Americans to conduct hate crimes against Muslims. Problem or Objective The main objective of this research paper is to assess and analyze some of the attitudes, beliefs, and assumptions that make Americans and other groups to associate the Muslim community with violence and terrorism. Moreover, the paper aims at analyzing how the media influence perceptions of Muslims among Americans by linking Muslims with acts of violence and terrorism, which normally emanate from the Middle East. To come up with a comprehensive report, the paper will discuss and give some examples of hate crimes and terrorist activities that have happened in the Middle East and America after the September 11, 2001. In this view, the paper will analyze how Americans perceive Muslims in relation to terrorism and hate crimes. To elucidate the relationship between hate crimes and terrorism, the paper will use survey as research design. The study will administer questionnaires to various Americans to provide information about their beliefs, attitudes, and assumptions in relation to Muslims and their association with terrorism and hate crimes. Various theories of hate crime and terrorism indicate that political violence and acts of terrorism are very common in the Middle East (Bonino, 2012). Hence, it is evident that terrorism and hate crimes are common in the Middle East. Literature Review According to British large st mainstream Muslim organization, there have been Islamophobic attacks and hate crime against the Muslim community, which have been increasing as evidenced by constant assaults on Muslims and vandalisms of mosques (Lambert Githens-Mazer, 2010).Advertising Looking for research paper on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although there has been an increase in the number of hate crimes and violence, it is clear from various previous researches that very few of these acts have been reported to the police (Lambert Githens-Mazer, 2010). According to the Muslim Council of Britain (MCB), the minority Muslim community is 42 times more likely to be a victim Terrorism Act than other minorities (McCorkell, 2011). In April 2009, 762 Islamophobic offenses were reported to the Metropolitan Police in London when compared to the 333 offenses that were reported at 2010/2011 (McCorkell, 2011). Furthermore, reports from two police of ficers in the United Kingdom indicate that around 1,200 anti-Muslim crimes were reported in 2010, while only 546 anti-Semitic crimes were reported in the same year (Lambert Githens-Mazer, 2010). Since the cases of hate crimes reported among Muslims are high, it indicates that they experience high rates of hate crimes. The cases of hate crimes are not only common among adult people, but also common among children. According to Sandoval, Lysiak, Scharpiro (2011), a fellow student beat a 13-year-old Muslim girl because she was wearing a headscarf, which he and his classmates believed to be a sign of terrorism. According to Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), about 1,700 cases of hate crimes against Muslims were reported in the year 2002 (Lambert Githens-Mazer, 2010). The cases of hate crimes in American are higher than in the United States, which means that Americans perceive Muslims as terrorists, and thus direct hate crimes at them. Ample evidence shows that the increase in cas es of hate crimes against Muslims has been due to negative stereotypes of Muslims in the media, especially among the communities of Muslims in the Middle East (Craig-Henderson, Brown-Sims, 2004).). In some social places such as schools, markets, buses, planes, and even political meetings, hate crimes and negative attitudes towards Muslims are usually very common (Bayoumi, 2011). This means that Muslims are not safe in social places because they are prone to hate crimes against them. Although hate crimes against Muslims emanate from terrorist activities such as September 11, 2001, propaganda spread by the media has continued to paint Muslims negatively. According to the FBI report, in 2010 and 2011, hate crimes against Muslims increased up to 50% due to the anti-Muslim propaganda (Lambert Githens-Mazer, 2010). This shows that there is less reporting of hate crimes by the public to the police. Other studies estimate that the real number of Muslims who are victims of hate crimes rang e from 3,000 to 5,000 (Lambert Githens-Mazer, 2010; Falcone, 2006). Although cases of hate crimes reported increase, Muslims still have some reservations as they claim that Christians perceive their struggles against hate crimes as a means of enhancing their dominance (Lambert Githens-Mazer, 2010). In this view, the Muslim community usually fears reporting hate crime to the police because most of them are Christians.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on What Attitudes, Beliefs, and Assumptions Correlate with Individual Support for Hate Crimes Directed at the Muslim Community Post September 11, 2001? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The social media has a significant influence on beliefs, attitudes, and assumptions, which associate Muslims with terrorism. The negative publicity of Muslims has compelled Muslims to come out and defend their religion strongly in a bid to dissociate themselves from terrorism an d acts of violence (Love, 2009). One incident that illustrates the prevalence of hate crimes against Muslims is in the report of the Niagara Regional Police, where a 16-year-old girl was charged for assaulting a 17-year-old Muslim girl on her way from the Mosque (Carr, 2011). The incident is not an isolated case because hate crimes are common in Canada. Owing to the prevalence of hate crimes in the United Kingdom, campaigns against hate crimes have aided in reducing their occurrence. The murder of Fusilier Lee Rigby in Woolwich did pave the way for massive campaigns against hate crimes (Tasker, 2012). Hence, Muslims hope that the campaigns would help in reversing the trends of hate crimes against them. Research Questions What are the attitudes, beliefs, and assumptions that correlate with individual support for hate crimes directed at the Muslim community post September 11, 2001? How does the media shape perceptions of Americans about Muslims and makes them to commit hate crimes? Subject for Study In this research paper, the subjects of study are students in schools and a few adults present in social gatherings. The study aims to collect beliefs, attitudes, and assumptions that Americans has regarding hate crimes directed at Muslims in various schools and other social gatherings. The victims of hate crimes are important in the study because they provide firsthand experience of hate crimes (Zahedi, 2011). In this view, the study will also target students who are victims of hate crimes. Students and members of general experience are important subjects of study because they have at least witnessed cases of hate crimes in social gatherings. As the study deals with human subjects, the study will administer informed consent in compliance with ethical principles of research (Ahmad, 2004). Moreover, the study will guarantee confidentiality of the information obtained from participants. Given that hate crimes is a sensitive issue among people, the study will approach participants professionally with great caution lest some get angry and vent their frustrations on researchers. Measurement Since the study is a correlational study, it seeks to establish the existence of correlation between two different variables. One variable comprises of social factors that make Americans to support hate crimes against Muslims. These social factors are beliefs, attitudes, and assumptions, which tend to associate Muslims with terrorism and acts of violence. The second variable is the prevalence of hate crimes against Muslims.Advertising Looking for research paper on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From the literature review, it is evident that the Muslim community fears reporting hate crimes committed towards them, since the police rarely take them seriously (Kwan, 2008). Thus, the study will establish the prevalence of hate crimes among Muslims with the objective of correlating them with the social factors that contribute to their occurrence among Muslims. Methodology The study will use metaanalysis and survey as research designs. Metaanalysis will aid in the analysis of secondary data from various sources. In the collection secondary data, the FBI’s hate crime reports will provide valuable information and statistics relating to hate crime against Muslims. Besides the FBI’s reports, Muslim websites will also provide data that depict the prevalence of hate crimes against Muslims. Additionally, the study will collect primary data using survey administered to the participants. The study expects participants to provide their beliefs, attitudes, and assumptions rega rding the relationship between Muslims and terrorism. The questionnaire that the study will employ in conducting the survey has the following questions: In your opinion, what do you think has led to the increase in cases of hate crimes and violent activities? Have you been involved in any hate crime act in the last six months? In your opinion, who should bear the blame for hate crime and terrorism? How can you rate the level of terrorism and violent activities taking place in the Middle East? How do the Americans conduct hate crimes against the Muslim community? Do you think the Muslims are responsible for current activities of terrorists as the media claim? What is your attitude and belief towards the Muslim community? Analysis The literature review indicates that there is a close association between Muslims and terrorism. Following the events of September 11, 2001, Americans started to associate Muslims with terrorism, which provided a platform for the media to spread beliefs, a ttitudes, and assumptions that paints Muslims negatively (Choudhury, Fenwick, 2011). In this view, the study hypothesizes that Americans have a negative perspective about Muslims because the media constantly portrays violent acts of terrorism and civil wars within the Middle East, and thus making Americans to associate violence and terrorism with Muslims. Hence, the study will analyze data collected from the survey to establish if beliefs, attitudes, and assumptions that Americans have about Muslims relate to the support of hate crimes. It is expected that beliefs, attitudes, and assumptions that perceive Muslims negatively in relation to terrorism contribute to the hate crimes. On contrast, presence of beliefs, attitudes, and assumptions that perceive Muslims positively in relation to terrorism reduces the occurrence of hate crimes. Thus, the survey will provide beliefs, attitudes, and assumptions of Americans, and so give social factors that make them commit hate crimes against M uslims. Moreover, the research will examine secondary sources with a view of obtaining statistics about the prevalence of hate crimes against Muslims in various parts of the world. The prevalence of hate crimes is important because it depicts the gravity of the crime and experiences that Muslims undergo. Given that many cases of hate crimes are unreported due to negligence on the part of the authorities and criminal justice system, FBI’s statistics are essential for analysis of prevalence of hate crimes. Sandoval, Lysiak, and Scharpiro (2011) reports that the girl endured hate crimes for a long period because school officials ignored her when she reported. Hence, the analysis of secondary sources to establish the actual prevalence of hate crimes against Muslims is necessary in the study of hate crimes. The study will also seek to associate the negative publicity of Muslims with hate crimes. In this view, the study with an attempt to correlate the presence of social factors su ch as beliefs, attitudes, and assumptions with the prevalence of hate crimes. The study assumes that the media shapes beliefs, attitudes, and assumptions that associate Muslims with terrorism. Essentially, what makes Americans to commit hate crimes against Muslims emanate from the beliefs, attitudes, and assumptions that the media has imposed on them. Portrayal of the Muslims as potential terrorists has compelled them not to report cases of hate crimes that they experience. The negative portrayal of Muslims has led them shy away from reporting any form of hate crimes committed against them because they fear the police would not listen to them (Phillips, Moore, 2009). Moreover, the constant negative publicity of Muslims creates stereotypes that make them vulnerable to hate crimes in wherever they work or travel. Therefore, analysis of the roles that media play in influence beliefs, attitudes, and assumptions is essential. Conclusion From the research paper, it is clear that the nega tive attitudes and beliefs that the Americans have against the Muslims are to some extent supported by the way the media associate the Muslim community with violence and terrorism. Additionally, from the paper, it is evident that despite the prevalence of hate crimes in the Muslim community, Muslims do not report them because they are afraid that the police would ignore. Therefore, the paper suggests that to reduce hate crimes directed at Muslims, the criminal justice system should focus on creating a peaceful relationship between the Muslims and the Americans. Given that the media shapes the beliefs, attitudes, and assumptions that associate Muslims and terrorism, it should use its power to demystify stereotypes that have made Americans to commit hate crimes against Muslims. In this view, if the media and Americans eliminate stereotypes that they have about Muslims and terrorism, hate crimes would not only disappear in America, but also across the world. References Ahmad, M. I. (20 04). A Rage Shared By Law: Post-September 11 Racial Violence as Crimes of Passion. California Law Review, 92(5), 1259-1330. Bayoumi, M. (2011). Between Acceptance and Rejection: Muslim Americans and the Legacies of September 11. OAH Magazine of History, 25(3), 15-19. Bonino, S. (2012). Policing Strategies against Islamic Terrorism in the UK after 9/11: The Socio-Political Realities for British Muslims. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 32(1), 5-31. Cainkar, L. (2006). The Social Construction of Difference and the Arab American Experience. Journal of American Ethnic History, 25(2/3), 244-278. Carr, J. (2011). Regulating Islamophobia: The Need for Collecting Disaggregated Data on Racism in Ireland. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 31(4), 574-593. Choudhury, T., Fenwick, H. (2011). The impact of counter-terrorism measures on Muslim communities. International Review of Law, Computers Technology, 25(3), 151-181. Craig-Henderson, K., Brown-Sims, M. (2004). An Investigation of Afri can American College Students’ Beliefs about Anti-Middle Eastern Hate Crime and Victims in the Wake of September 11. Western Journal of Black Studies, 28(4), 511-517. Falcone, J. (2006). Seeking Recognition: Patriotism, Power, and Politics in Sikh American Discourse in the Immediate Aftermath of 9/11. A Journal of Transnational Studies, 15(1), 89-119. Kwan, M.P. (2008). From oral histories to visual narratives: re-presenting the post-September 11 experiences of the Muslim women in the USA. Social Cultural Geography, 9(6), 653-669. Lambert, R., Githens-Mazer, J. (2010). Islamophobia and Anti-Muslims Hate Crime: U.K case studies. Web. Love, E. (2009). Confronting Islamophobia in the United States: Framing civil rights activism among Middle Eastern Americans. Patterns of Prejudice, 43(3/4), 401-425. McCorkell, A. (2011). Muslims Call for Action against hate Crimes. Web. Phillips, J. M., Moore, L. J. (2009). China: Economic, Political, and Social Issues. New York, USA: Nova Sc ience Publishers. Sandoval, E., Lysiak, M., Scharpiro, R. (2011). Girl Attacked for Wearing a Veil Says 11-year-old Bullied, Beat her for months with Another Student. Web. Tasker, Y. (2012). Television Crime Drama and Homeland Security: From Law Order to â€Å"Terror TV.† Cinema Journal, 51(4), 44-65. Umbreit, M. S., Lewis, T., Burns, H. (2003). A community response to a 9/11 hate crime: Restorative justice through dialogue. Contemporary Justice Review, 6(4), 383-391. Zahedi, A. (2011). Muslim American Women in the Post-11 September Era. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 13(2), 183-203. This research paper on What Attitudes, Beliefs, and Assumptions Correlate with Individual Support for Hate Crimes Directed at the Muslim Community Post September 11, 2001? was written and submitted by user Damaris Morrow to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on The Prophet Mohammad

My research paper is on Prophet Muhammad’s treaty with the Jews. Muhammad decided to leave the city of Mecca because the chiefs of Mecca wanted to kill him in his house. In 622 CE Muhammad had thought of going to medina their he could help bring peace and security between the khazraj and the aws. They were at war all the time. They need some one who can be a leader and trusted by both people and bring them peace in medina, And in return they were to protect the prophet as they would protect their women and children if he were attacked by the meccans. Around the people in medina there was a small community(three tribes) of jews with arab communities constituting the majority of the population, because of the of the wars that have been going on for many many generations. The resources of the arabs depleted and their influence in medina was dwindling. The jews were â€Å"traders† and many of them used to lesn money for overpriced intrest’s. when this continued the war helped there economy and personal wealth. The result of the prophet’s moving to medina was peace and safetyness between the people of Aws and Khazraj, the prophet motivated by the welfare of the people of medina. They decided to offer hs help to the communitys that needed help including the jews. Muhammad has already laid down the basis for a relationship between the emigrants from mecca and the medinites. The treaty between Muslims, non-Muslims, Arabs, and Jews of medina was put in writhing and it has been preserved by some historians. The paper put Muhammad as the prophet and messenger of god but it was put the Jews didn’t have to recognize such for there own religious reasons.... Free Essays on The Prophet Mohammad Free Essays on The Prophet Mohammad My research paper is on Prophet Muhammad’s treaty with the Jews. Muhammad decided to leave the city of Mecca because the chiefs of Mecca wanted to kill him in his house. In 622 CE Muhammad had thought of going to medina their he could help bring peace and security between the khazraj and the aws. They were at war all the time. They need some one who can be a leader and trusted by both people and bring them peace in medina, And in return they were to protect the prophet as they would protect their women and children if he were attacked by the meccans. Around the people in medina there was a small community(three tribes) of jews with arab communities constituting the majority of the population, because of the of the wars that have been going on for many many generations. The resources of the arabs depleted and their influence in medina was dwindling. The jews were â€Å"traders† and many of them used to lesn money for overpriced intrest’s. when this continued the war helped there economy and personal wealth. The result of the prophet’s moving to medina was peace and safetyness between the people of Aws and Khazraj, the prophet motivated by the welfare of the people of medina. They decided to offer hs help to the communitys that needed help including the jews. Muhammad has already laid down the basis for a relationship between the emigrants from mecca and the medinites. The treaty between Muslims, non-Muslims, Arabs, and Jews of medina was put in writhing and it has been preserved by some historians. The paper put Muhammad as the prophet and messenger of god but it was put the Jews didn’t have to recognize such for there own religious reasons....

Research paper on methods of healthcare quality measurement Essay

Research paper on methods of healthcare quality measurement - Essay Example The following brief discussion will help the readers to understand the characteristics and aspects of these two measurement processes. Structural Quality Measurement Structural quality measurement generally comprises the resource characteristics in a healthcare system including groups of practitioners, individual practitioners, geographic location, accessibility of services, and systems of care. This structural quality measurement assesses the presumed capacity of practitioners (Donaldson, 1999). It helps to provide quality health care. The structural quality measurement helps the healthcare professional to assess specialty board certification, licensure and training structures. This measurement system helps to provide facility such private accreditation, safe physical attributes, government certification and effective procedures and policies. Process Quality Measurement The present quality of care literature is enriched with performance measurement discussion. It is one of the curre nt terminologies that are related to quality measurement. Process quality performance may include service, convenience, timeline and interpersonal aspects of care. This process quality performance measurement provides awareness and information to the patients. Moreover, it helps the patients to share their views and advice that can help in the decision making process. Example These two quality measurement methods are utilized in healthcare as important quality measurement tools. The following discussion will reveal the effectiveness of these two methods in the improvement of health care institution. Structural Quality Measurement in Healthcare The structural quality measurement method helps to assess nursing home care. It is evident that several complexities involved in the health care organization structure affect the quality of care. Due to the complexity, the health care institutions cannot follow the rules and regulations effectively (Penson & Wei, 2006). Therefore, in order to improve the organizational structure and level of care, several health care institutions implement the structural quality measurement process. A majority of patients in nursing homes used to file complaints against inadequate nursing care. The structural quality measurement helps the nurses or other health care staff to improve their skills and nursing care abilities. This process provides effective facility, training and staffing for the employees in a nursing home. Availability of patient care, nursing home workforce, and effective training programs needs careful review to judge the quality of care. Process Quality Measurement in Healthcare In nursing homes, several frequent problems include hazardous and uncertain environments, inadequate care plans and unsanitary food. In this kind of situation, process quality measurement methods are implemented in order to overcome the issues and improve the service and performance of healthcare. In terms of quality of the clinics, these measu rements generally focus on the management and diagnosis of the diseases. It also addresses preventive care such as disease screening (Brown & Remenyi, 2004). The results of these measurements are provided to the employees. It helps the employees to choose the health plans. A majority of healthcare systems provide consumer report cards. It helped the healthcare institutions to

Business Law - Ethical issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business Law - Ethical issues - Essay Example International entrepreneur ship spans cultural boundaries and involves a variety of stakeholders, including the entrepreneur, investors and policy makers (Asel, 2003). "Social considerations must be given the same status as economic, financial and environmental concerns in a holistic approach. It is time for global thinking and local action. The implementation of the Core Labour Standards and the laws and regulations that give effect to them at national levels can be significantly enhanced if the capacities of national labour inspectorates are built up and strengthened. Labour inspectors have a crucial role to play because they are the only ones with the authority to directly access and impose changes in the workplace."(Albracht, 2005) The increased working hours pose several external costs to the employees and employers both. They give rise to different health problems such as heart problems, high blood pressure, gastrointestinal disorders, psychological wellbeing and circadian disruption. The resulting increase in sick leave makes the organisation bear the cost of the illness of employee. The external cost effect thus transfers to society in shape of increasing tax burden on taxpayers and on Government for the provision of more social care facilities (Dawson, McCulloch and Baker, 2001). But in order to compete internationally it is important to increase the working hours. As stated by Berry (2005) "Europe's productivity is lagging behind the US and Asia because inflexible labour laws are preventing companies restructuring and investing in new technologies, a report shows. A DTI-sponsored study, published to coincide with the UK's presidency of the EU, criticises member countries, particularly France, Germany, Spain and Italy, for not having the courage to reform labour laws. EU heads of state agreed a 10-year programme in 2000 to increase investment and make the EU "the most dynamic and competitive knowledge-based economy in the world". However, the DTI report said little progress has been made in achieving this goal. Companies in Europe have to pursue a policy of "creative destruction" to change the way they do business and learn from the "hire and fire" culture of the US to compete globally, the report said. At a conference key European players from business and government discussed the challenge of the future of information and communication technologies (ICT) policy. Viviane Reding, EU commissioner for information society and media, said many workers were concerned about their jobs and the EU would only strengthen economic growth by investing in ICT and abolishing "superfluous regulation" Although the hire and fire culture seems an easy way of achieving economic goals but the change in the policies regarding the employment can

The Civil Rights Act Of 1964

The Civil Rights Act Of 1964 The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ridded the nation of this legal segregation and cleared a path towards equality and integration. The passage of this Act, while forever altering the relationship between blacks and whites, remains as one of historys greatest political battles. The first of its kind since the Civil War, this bill drastically called for the end of all segregation in all public places. In the eyes of the civil rights movement leaders, this bill was long over due. Kennedys crusade began slowly to the dismay of many civil rights leaders in February of 1963. He began by sending the United States Congress a Special Message on Civil Rights, stating, Our Constitution is color blind, but the practices of the country do not always conform to the principles of the Constitution(Loevy, 5). Kennedy received praise for these strong and moving words yet was criticized for his weak legislative proposals to remedy the situation. By May of 1963, his proposal would change greatly however, after two men, from opposite positions set the civil rights movement into intense motion. Martin Luther King despite advice to do otherwise began massive protests in the street of Birmingham. To combat these protests, Police Commissioner Bull Conner used any means, including dogs, fire hoses, and electric cattle prods on protestors. Making newspapers and television everywhere, the Birmingham atrocity along with Kings famous Letter from Birmingham Jail, ignited the moral conscious of Americans nationwide. While Conner earned a negative reputation, President Kennedy wisely commented, Bull Connor has done more for civil rights than anyone elseThe civil rights movement should thank God for him. He has helped it as much as Abraham Lincoln (Whalen 86). The apparent Birmingham defeat for King in re ality was the key point in which the battle to win civil rights became a national fight with the President as one of its strongest allies. Before the Birmingham situation, Kennedy kept a fragile balance with the civil rights activists and the Southern Democrats. While in office, Congress consisted of a great number of Southern Democrats with some liberal Northerners and Western Democrats (Loevy 8). In order to pass many of his liberal programs, a large number of them economic, Kennedy needed the support of these Southern Democrats. To add to this complicated situation, Kennedy knew that while the Southern Democrats would not support civil rights proposals directly, his economic plans, including aid to education and raising the minimum wage, if approved, would benefit the black population. Kennedy also needed the Southern Democrats voter support in the upcoming 1964 presidential election to secure re-election. Any aggravation to this party would only guarantee a loss for Kennedy. Motivated by the Birmingham situation, by the summer of 1963 Kennedy could no longer placate the Southern Democrats by leaving civil rights legislation untouched. Although realizing how action could endanger his chances for re-election, he saw beyond politics and into the moral issue. With public support Kennedy was willing to wage in the political war that would inevitably ensue. Kennedy and Johnson both were very aware of the walls that Congress would build to stop any proposals involving civil rights. Immediate and effective action became the new focus. Together Kennedy, Johnson, and the civil rights leaders combined efforts to achieve speedy and thorough results. By May 31, 1963, Kennedy announced his plans for the civil rights movements to the public. First hand attempts to maintain segregation by the outspoken racist Governor George Wallace of Alabama provided Kennedy with the ideal timing to deliver his message. Before even outlining the details of his new proposal he told the nation, Next week I shall ask the Congress of the United States to act, to make a commitment it has not fully made in this century to the proposition that race has no place in American life or law (Loevy 17). Immediately thereafter, he and Johnson headed meetings to outline the plans. The Leadership Conference of Civil Rights consisting of fifty or so civil rights organizations which had previously been established after Kennedys initial proposals, called for a meeting on July 2nd inviting its participating members but also extended invitation to an additional fifty religious groups and other possible helpful groups. The organization finally felt confident in fighting for this bill with unanimous determination to overrun possible roadblocks by mobilizing the nation behind the bill (Berman 57). Despite administrative support from Kennedy and Johnson, their goal remained difficult to achieve. The Leadership Conference dedicated their goals to achieving a Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC), a provision called Part III, named after the third proposed Eisenhower administration civil rights bill, and eliminating segregation in all accommodations. The FEPC would consist of enforcing employment equality and fairness while the Part III would allow the United States attorney general to file civil rights suits, thereby relieving individuals of filing a suit which could cause dangerous retaliations. Knowing the approval of this proposal would be hard to attain the Leadership Conference strove for all, while accepting that concessions would most likely have to be made. Still attempting to mobilize the public and get the bill some attention, the civil rights activists continued to demonstrate. The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, headed by King, had over 200,000 participants and proved those who feared violence wrong. The protest continued with peace while the crowd repeated, Pass the Bill (Levy 24). Despite the success of the protest in Washington D.C., the Leadership Conference was having a hard time getting the proposed bill past the House Judiciary Committee. The Bill needed to be tailored to get the future approval of both the Republican and Democratic civil rights supporters, enough to overrule the perceived resistant Senate by 2/3s vote if necessary. Yet the bill could not be so tailored that it be minimally effective in the eyes of the Leadership Conference. Finally after a plea to the House Judiciary Committee by Robert Kennedy, the Attorney General, a bill hoping to please all parties moved to the House of Representatives. However when it appeared that the bill was finally making some headway, the unthinkable happened, President Kennedy was assassinated. Many civil rights leaders feared that Johnson, originally from the South, would not push for the bill as Kennedy had. However, Johnson surprised many when he pushed for the bill as before. In his first address to Congress after Kennedys death, Johnson stated, No memorial oration or eulogy could more eloquently honor President Kennedys memory than the earliest possible passage of the civil rights bill for which he fought so long (Loevy, 356). By that February the bill made its way through the House of Representatives with a vote of 290-130. Resembling Kennedys October 1963 proposal the House of Representatives surprised many by adding an amendment guaranteeing women as well as minorities to the protection of employment opportunity section of the bill (Loevy 357). Once in the Senate, however, the bill faced its biggest challenges, including the infamous filibuster, or talking the bill to death. Since the Senate allows for endless debate on bills, making the filibuster a clever tactic, a cloture or two-thirds vote is necessary to overrule and end any debating. From March to June the bill was debated in the Senate until finally a vote of 71-29 on June 10, 1964, overruled the filibustering Senators. For the first time in American history, a southern filibuster of a civil rights bill was stopped by a cloture (Loevy 360). The civil rights supporters were satisfied with the fact that the bill included ending segregation in nearly all public places, cut off United States Government funds to programs that discriminated, and guaranteed equal employment opportunity. In order to avoid a second filibuster, the House of Representatives approved the bill with the Senates amendments making the civil rights bill the Civil Rights Act of 1964 on July 2, as Pres ident Johnson signed the bill in one of the largest bill-signing ceremonies ever. The political fight that occurred in the Senate by determined Southern Democrats will forever remain as one of the greatest legislative showdowns in American history. After passing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 however, no longer could segregation be legal or tolerated. In public places the rights of a black person were to be equal to that of a white person. In employment, blacks, minorities, and women could not be discriminated against. The federal government cut off funds to any business, educational institution, state or local government that practiced racial discrimination. To enforce the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the law also stated that the United States Department of Justice and the Federal Bureau of Investigation were to intervene in situations in the South where blacks continued to be denied civil rights. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 not only changed the United States on a social level but politically too. This bill set the precedent for using a cloture to stop a filibuster in the Senate. Similar cloture votes in 1966 and 1968, with bills for equal voting rights and guaranteed equal housing respectively were used to stop Southern filibusters. The Civil Rights Act also proved that mass demonstration and peaceful protesting are heard in Washington D.C. Martin Luther King and the Leadership Conference started with nothing and achieved everything. From the segregated South those who fought for the Civil Rights Act of 1964 changed the course of American history and ridded the nation of inequality under the law.

Assessment method †Written Questions Essay

Criteria 1.4: State why and when health and safety control equipment, identified by the principles of protection, should be used relating to types, purpose and limitations of each type, the work situation, occupational use and the general work environment, in relation to: – Collective protective measures Fencing is used when access to the site needs to be prevented. They can be used to prevent access to the public and the workers making them use a designated entrance to site. This will make sure the members of the public cannot wander on to the site which could be dangerous for them or the workmen. Also making the workers go in through a designated entrance would allow everyone to be signed onto the site, so the foremen are aware of everyone who is on site. The main type of fencing is Harris fencing; this can be erected with ease and speed. It prevents access to the site but is only temporary and can be taken down as quickly as it can be put up. Harris fencing could also be blown over in a high wind. Harris fencing is not always necessary as existing fencing may already be in place. A garden fence, a garden wall or a hedgerow can be used to prevent access; they can be used on their own or in conjunction with fencing. Barriers are used to restrict access or to warn the workers of a da nger. These would be used throughout the job when appropriate. If there is a danger such as a trench that has been dug into the ground a barrier should be used to warn  people that it is there and also to stop someone from falling down into the trench. Different types of barrier include plastic barriers and bunting which is help up using metal pegs these are usually bright orange. The purpose of barriers is to restrict access and warn of dangers. They are only temporary and can be easily removed. Cones and warning tape could also be used as a barrier to restrict access to a certain area of the site. These are only temporary and can be easily removed. Signage comes in different colours which denote what type of information the sign contains. Signs can be used on fencing and barriers and can be in other areas of the site such as the site office. Blue signs contain mandatory information. These are things that everyone must do, they could be telling you what type of PPE you have to wear. Red signs are prohibition notices, telling you what you must not do such as smoke. Yellow and black signs contain warning information. The most common example of a warning sign is overhead cable signs. Green signs are Information signs which have information on things like first aid. These signs can be found in places like the site office or the site entrance. Also there is signage on packaging, these are COSHH signs and give information on how to handle that substance. – Personal protective equipment (PPE) Hard hat – A hard at is used when there is a danger of falling objects to protect the head from impact injuries or knocks. Some hard hats come with visors and ear defenders attached. The purpose of a hard had is to protect you from a head injury from objects falling from a scaffold, unprotect ends of a scaffold pole and other dangers. They must be warn when there is a scaffold on a site. Sometimes they can easily fall off your head but newer hard hats have a better fit. You can also get bump caps which are light weight hard hats. Ear Defenders- Ear defenders are used when there is a loud noise on site which could damage your ears. A loud noise could come from many different things on site, it could be you cutting down a brick or a block with a grinder, it could come from someone else using a piece of machinery. You can get ear plugs which you put into your ear which reduce the sound, these can only be used once. If you reuse them you can risk an infection by getting  dirt into your ear. You can also get ear defenders which go over your ears which muffle a lot of the sound out. These can be used multiple times but may also not be compatible with other PPE such as a hard hat, although you can get ear defenders that work very well with a hard hat. Eye Protection – Is used when there is a risk of dust getting into someone’s eyes or an impact injury to the eye. There are different types of eye protection, safety goggles are made of a durable plastic and will stop both dust and flying debris from harming your eyes. Safety spectacles only protect your eyes from flying debris, these can be used when there is not a lot of dust for example cutting a brick with a bolster. Face masks are a rigid plastic visor that will protect your face from flying debris. They are commonly used with garden equipment like chainsaws and strimmer’s. They will not protect you from fine dust particles. Gloves – Gloves are needed when there is a risk of damaging your hands or getting a chemical on them. Gloves differ in design, material and thickness. The correct glove should be chosen for the job after taking into account the possible risks. There are many different types of glove, from lighter material gloves which would be suitable if you are doing brickwork to heavier gloves that could be coated in different substances to give resistance to chemicals. You must also think about if you are going to need gloves that will protect your hands from cuts if you are doing a job and you are handling something that is sharp. Gloves will only have a certain lifespan as they will degrade through ware and tare or through contact with a chemical substance. Gloves must fit the user well as not to hinder his ability to work well and also his dexterity which could make him more likely to drop something. Safety boots- Most building sites will require you to always wear safety boots. Safety boots have a steel toe cap and a very tough sole. This will give the wearer protection from falling objects and also from standing on nails and other things. They also provide a sole with plenty of grip to help prevent slips. You can also get wellington boots that have steel toe caps which also keep your feet dry. – Respiratory protective equipment (RPE) Respiratory protective equipment is used to prevent a worker from breathing in dust or fumes that may be hazardous. There are various types but the most commonly used type of RPE is a dust mask. These are light weight and comfortable and easy to fit. However, they will not offer any protection from toxic dust or fumes. Most dust masks are only effective for a short period and then they need replacing. Respirators have removable filters, which can be replaced. You can get different filters which do different jobs, some protect the user from toxic dust and some protect the user from fumes. Also you can get respirators which cover the whole face which provide more protection. If you are working in an area with low oxygen you should choose breathing apparatus with an air supply. You must ensure that the dust mask is correct for the job and provides the appropriate protection. You also must ensure that the mask is a good fit to the person who is wearing it. A poor fit will result in a poor seal allowing dust and fumes to get in. – Local exhaust ventilation (LEV). Exposure to dust and to fumes can be harmful to people’s health. It can cause asthma, lung scaring and cancer. Therefore local exhaust ventilation systems are put in place to extract the airborne dust and fumes. There are different types of LEV and care must be taken to choose the most effective type for a particular job or machine. Most LEV systems simply suck the dust and fumes out of the air before they reach a worker. Some of them will also have a hood fitted which will help contain the dust and fumes as they are being sucked away. Water can stop dust from taking to the air in the first place, on some tools you can fit a water supply, such as a grinder where the blade is kept wet while you are cutting to keep the dust down. Sometimes just opening windows and doors will allow the dust to escape and clear the air. . Criteria 1.5: State how the health and safety control equipment relevant to the work should be used in accordance with the given instructions. Collective protective measures should be installed and used only by people  who have received adequate information, instruction and training. This will help prevent something like a Harris fence from blowing down in a wind because it wasn’t properly secured. The signage would have to be put up correctly to avoid a mistake being made so this would have to be done by someone who knows all the correct information. PPE should be in good condition and be well looked after by the user. The correct PPE should be chosen and correctly worn for each job, also you should ensure the PPE is compatible eg. Does the hard hat stop you from being able to wear your ear defenders? The PPE that is worn should be decided after thinking about the possible hazards. RPE used should be suitable to the job at hand, the user needs to think about if they need protection from toxic dust, fumes or if there will be a short supply in oxygen. Choosing the right mask is the first step and making sure it is a correct fit is the second. Fit testing is the best way to make sure a mask fits you properly, this should be carried out by someone who is qualified. Facial hair could stop you being able to get a tight seal and causing contaminated air to seep in. You should regularly replace filters on your mask and always check the correct filter for the job is fitted. You should store your mask in a clean, dust free area. LEV that is needed will vary depending on the task that you are doing. If you are sweeping a room indoors opening the doors and windows will allow most of the dust to escape. If you are using a grinder to cut a block or a piece of slate you could pour water on to it or add a water supply to keep the dust down. You could also do it outside. If you worked in joinery you could get a reputable LEV supplier to advise you on the best LEV system to ventilate your machines. Employees should be knowledgeable in how to use LEV. Criteria 1.6: State which types of health, safety and welfare legislation, notices and warning signs are relevant to the occupational area and associated equipment. The Health and safety Law poster should be posted up somewhere, this could be  in the site office, with the name of the trained first aider on it. There will be signage in green which are information signs. Such as a first aid sign. Blue signs tell people what they must do while on site. It could be information on what type of PPE must be worn. Red signs are probation signs telling people things they must not do, this could be no smoking signs or a no entry except to authorised personal sign. Yellow signs are warning signs. They warn people of dangers that they need to be aware off. This could be a sign warning you of overhead cables or a sign warning you that there is heavy plant machinery operating on site. There will be signs on machinery and power tools saying what items of PPE need to be worn while operating them. Signs will be on the packaging of harmful substances stating what PPE should be worn and what precautions should take place when using them. There will also be COSHH signs on the bottle or packaging of many different substances. These will tell the user what precautions they need to take while handling the substance or what they have to do if there is a chemical spill and how to neutralize it. Criteria 1.7: State why health, safety and welfare legislation, notices and warning signs are relevant to the occupational area. They are there to protect the work force from hazards and the dangers by informing people that these hazards and dangers exist, keeping people safe. They are also relevant because the signs inform people of what safety measures they need to take eg. PPE. Health and safety procedures and locations of things like the first aid office are and also the name of the trained first aider on signs. Criteria 1.8: State how to comply with control measures that have been identified by risk assessments and safe systems of work. The information and control measures that have been identified by risk assessments will be made available to everyone to read. You can read the mission statement which is that plan of action or you could be told verbally. You must follow these orders and work in the way that is instructed. Also there is information on machinery and tools, which will instruct you on how to work in a safe manner. COSHH signs on substances must also be followed to work in a safe way. Criteria 2.2: List typical hazards associated with the work environment and occupational area in relation to resources, substances, asbestos, equipment, obstructions, storage, services and work activities. Resources can become a hazard if they are improperly stacked. Materials such as bricks and blocks must be stacked in a safe and stable way, eg. Not too high. Care must be taken when moving resources. MHO (manual handling operations) need to be implied properly to make sure all lifting is done safely. Substances such as cement, lime and other chemicals and solvents can damage skin causing burns, dermatitis and other skin problems. Some chemicals and solvents could potentially present a fire risk so must be stored in a suitable way. Asbestos is found in lots of older buildings. It is at its most dangerous when it is disturbed. The fibres are inhaled and can cause severe damage to the lungs and death. When discovered asbestos should only be removed by a licensed contractor. Equipment can cause hazards if used improperly. Cutting tools and saws can be dangerous because you could cut of a finger or something worse. Some equipment can be loud enough to damage your ears. Some tools which produce a lot of vibration such as a breaker can cause white finger. Obstructions are a hazard because people can trip over them, also if they are blocking a fire escape it could be dangerous. If things are not stored correctly they could be unstable and fall over and hurt someone. Also certain materials must be stored under specific condition. Some materials present a fire risk. Care must be taken not to damage any services. If you are digging and you hit a gas or electric main it could be potentially dangerous. They should have warning tape above them but this is not always the case. Also if you are improperly trained you could be electrocuted if you attempt electrical work. Some work activities present a risk such as climbing ladders and work on a roof or scaffold. Also when machinery such as diggers are on site you must be careful. Criteria 2.3: List the current Health and Safety Executive top ten safety risks. Fall off ladder Fall through roof Lifting operations Struck by plant Overturning plant fall from scaffold Fall through an internal void Asphyxiation poisoning Crushed by falling excavation MEWP crushing entrapment Criteria 2.4: List the current Health and Safety Executive top five health risks. Exposure to asbestos Exposure to silica Manual handling Exposure to excessive noise Exposure to excessive vibration Criteria 2.5: State how changing circumstances within the workplace could cause hazards. If things change and not everyone is aware of these changes then people could get injured. For example if a hand rail is removed on a scaffold someone could fall off. A newly dug trench could become a hazard if someone who didn’t know it was there went near it then they could fall in, this could become more dangerous if metal pegs have been driven into the ground. Criteria 2.6: State the methods used for reporting changed circumstances, hazards and incidents in the workplace. Reporting change in circumstances and hazards can be done at a tool box talk, or you could bring them up as soon as they arise to the site manager and to the other workers. Incidents at work including injury and death should be reported. There are regulations in place (RIDDOR) making sure these things are reported. Accidents should be recorded in the accident book with information about the incident, where it took place and the date. If an accident causes someone to have an injury leaving them unable to work for more than three days they must inform the HSE. Criteria 3.6: State the organisational policies and procedures for health, safety and welfare, in relation to: – Dealing with accidents and emergencies associated with the work and environment The HSE try to reduce the number of accidents and emergencies that occur in the work place. They also tell people what types of injury should be reported and how to report them. – Methods of receiving or sourcing information The HSE has a website that is very informative for both employers and employees on many things such as a COSHH and MHO. You can also request advice from them. You could also read the Health And Safety At Work Act (HASAWA 1974). – Reporting The HSE has regulations set in place called the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR). These regs make sure that everything is properly reported. – Stopping work The HSE sends inspectors onto sites and he is able to make people stop work while something that could be a hazard is made safe again. – Evacuation The HSE can send inspector on site and if he is not happy with what he sees he is able to close down the site by providing a prohibition notice. He will tell them how to make the site safe and what needs to be done to get it up and running again safely. – Fire risks and safe exit procedures Employers must carry out a fire safety risk assessment and keep it up to date. They also need to ensure that adequate and appropriate fire safety measures are in place to minimise the risk of injury or loss of life in the event of a fire. – Consultation and feedback. Tool box talks are carried out so that people can give instructions to others and also for people to give feedback on possible hazards such as a scaffolding has being altered. Criteria 3.7: State the appropriate types of fire extinguishers relevant to the work. Water, Dry powder, Foam and CO2. Criteria 3.8: State how and when the different types of fire extinguishers are used in accordance with legislation and official guidance. Not all fire extinguishers are suitable for putting out all types of fire. For example if you spray water on an electric fire it could make it a lot worse. Below is a list of what types of extinguisher is suitable for what type of fire. Water – Paper , Wood, Textiles, Fabric Dry powder – Paper, wood textiles and fabric. Flammable liquids. Flammable gases. Oils and fats. Electrical hazard. Foam – Paper, wood textiles and fabric. Flammable gases. Oils and fats. CO2 – Flammable liquids. Flammable gases. Oils and fats. Electrical hazard. You must make sure when using a CO2 extinguisher in a confined space that you have sufficient fresh air. You could use breathing apparatus to make sure you are safe. Criteria 4.2: State how personal behaviour demonstrates responsibility for general workplace health, safety and welfare, in relation to: – Recognising when to stop work in the face of serious and imminent danger to self and/or others How you behave when you or someone else is in danger is very important. If a scaffold has become unstable in a high wind then you should be responsible and safe by stopping work until the scaffolding is secure. – Contributing to discussions and providing feedback Contributing to discussions and providing feedback by pointing out hazards and potential risks will demonstrate you are able to spot risks and help make the workplace safe. – Reporting changed circumstances and incidents in the workplace Reporting changed circumstances can prevent an accident from happening because someone wasn’t aware. Legislations are in place to ensure that incidents are reported to the HSE. Making sure these are done demonstrates responsibility. – Complying with the environmental requirements of the workplace Making sure things such as streams aren’t polluted and making sure waste is  correctly disposed of is very important. Criteria 4.3: Give examples of how the behaviour and actions of individuals could affect others within the workplace. Your behaviour could have negative effects on others. Working in an unsafe way may directly harm someone such as dropping a brick, or not putting barriers around a hole in the ground. You behaviour could also have a positive effect on your fellow workers for example you could discover a fire and help to ensure everyone is evacuated safely. Also your feedback at a toolbox talk could stop an accident from taking place. Criteria 5.2: State how security arrangements are implemented in relation to: The workplace: Is surrounded by fencing stopping anyone from wandering onto the site. There will also be lockable storage areas. The general public: Will not be able to get access onto the site as it will be secured with fencing. Also there are signs put up to inform the public that they are not allowed to enter. Site personnel: Resources: Will be locked away in containers so they cannot be stolen.

Accounting Analysis Essay

Michael Burton has recently been hired as the CEO of Tesca Works, Inc. Previously he had been the marketing manager for a large manufacturing company and had established a reputation for identifying new consumer trends. Tesca Works Inc. is a California-based generator manufacturing company. The company is well known for manufacturing large, heavy-duty generators at a reasonable cost. One of its greatest achievements is that its generators can be easily modified or customized for different applications. Also, Tesca Works currently builds commercial appliances. The company is considering an expansion of its current product line to include refrigerator and maybe, sometime in the future, consumer appliances. Mr. Burton feels that due to high energy prices, consumers will be more willing to consider purchasing new efficient appliances. See more: Beowulf essay essay Tesca Works Inc. is a California-based generator manufacturing company. The company is well known for its innovation and ability to produce high quality products at a reasonable cost. One of its greatest achievements is that its manufacturing processes are adaptable to other durable goods. Also, Tesca Works currently builds commercial appliances. Profile of Tesca Works Tesca Works, Inc. was established by the Smith brothers in 1880 as the Logging Saw Company. The firm started manufacturing large steam saws to serve the logging industry which processed lumber. Their customers were construction companies that provided housing for the population increase in California. The Smith brothers quickly realized that the times were changing. They started looking for the technologies that would keep them at the forefront of their field of business. In 1915, the Smith brothers decided that they needed to make generators as replacements for the saws. They realized that the logging industry was not viable anymore and that generators were starting to serve the same purpose. The company started making generators in the early 1940’s. Tesca Works then opted to produce commercial appliances. It was an easy decision to make since the commercial appliances would use common parts with the company’s generators and the customers were local hospitals, schools, and governments. Starting in the 1950’s the commercial appliances business accounted for about 50% of Tesca Works’ revenues. The Refrigerator Mr. Burton arranged a meeting with the firm’s top management and the chief design and the chief manufacturing engineers to propose a new product. Mr. Burton presented an argument that more individuals in the United State and Canada would be willing to purchase newer appliances because people are becoming more environmentally conscious. The new appliances are more efficient and environmentally friendly. Also, the recent increase in electricity costs seems to be long lasting. This is an opportunity to get people hooked on environmentally friendly appliances as he put it. The proposal under consideration is for the introduction of a new, energy star refrigerator. To distinguish Tesca Works from other manufacturers, the proposal included details about the convenience, large shelves in the doors, high volume water and ice dispensers, efficiency, and quietness of operation that need to be developed. Mr. Phillips and Mr. Lopez, the two engineers, enthusiastically and quickly pointed out that the needed technology could be based on the company’s generators. The framework currently used for building the generators can be modified to work for appliances at a low cost. The marketing vice president, Mr. Chen, pointed out that the marketing analysis could be done quickly and at a reasonable cost. At this point, Mr. Burton charged the participants in the meeting to produce a financial plan for the development and production of the refrigerator. Consumer Appliances Most people purchase appliances and keep them for a very long time or until they stop working. Some get them when they purchase a home and do not think about them. Recently, most power companies started educating people about the efficiency of new appliances and began offering rebates on the most efficient consumer models. These approaches increased public interest. This renewed the public’s interest in low power-consuming appliances. The Decision Three weeks later, the vice presidents presented the sales and cost forecasts shown in the exhibits. The information presented contains the cost of production, financing information, and warranty cost estimates. In addition, there were two options for the compressor in the refrigerators. The MC – 004 is more expensive to install, but has a lower warranty cost. The TS – L12 is cheaper to install, but has a higher warranty cost. Which compressor should be used?